Effective Decisions free essay sample

He referenced a case of Stephen Greenshank that affirms that occasionally it is smarter to be shrewd as opposed to being simply savvy. Basically, he referenced having a dynamic diary, that at whatever point you have a significant choice to settle on, you can compose the choices you have come up, how you showed up at it, and accept what are the impacts of your choices. Changing voices particularly composing was testing. It very well may be threatening in light of the fact that it's anything but a typical method of communicating to us non-writers.Eventually, e need to become accustomed to in a business composing way and even academic way. Both are fundamental in light of the fact that recorded as a hard copy you need to consider your perusers and what level of information they can fathom. In some cases we will in general excessively express our considerations through extravagant words that lead to deviation in the fundamental idea, hazy message, and disarranged musings. To keep away from this, you should be brief, utilize natural jargon and must be intelligent. We will compose a custom exposition test on Powerful Decisions or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I can arrange the distinctions of business composing versus.. Insightful composition into three classifications: rest, arrangement, and its readers.In business keeping in touch with you are attempting accomplish explicit objective to finish a vocation while insightful composing otherwise called scholarly composing that is ordinarily utilized in scholastic fields. It is typically founded on exploration of the picked subject. Business composing frequently has a short substance like reminders, reports and assessments. In scholastic composition, we have papers, research projects and lab reports that are normally required to have broad exploration and great sources. Insightful composing can be utilized to help administrative riding since it is normally founded on research and for the most part composed by specialists.

Honor Killing in Islam

Presentation Honor executing is a general practice among Muslim people group against young ladies, young ladies or grown-up ladies. The families perform respect slaughtering on the grounds that a specific female part has disrespected them. At first, guardians use demise dangers to control their girls. Families perform respect killings utilizing different primitive and savagery means.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Honor Killing in Islam explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It might include the utilization of consuming, assaulting, stoning, pounding the life out of, cutting throat, executing and suffocation, among others. Network and more distant family individuals set and keep up respect killings. The people group doesn't censure the culprits. Rather, they consider it to be regularizing strict procedure. On the off chance that the young lady get away, the family look through her so as to perform respect murdering. Restricting strict perspectiv es on respect slaughtering Melissa Robinson contends that no place in Islam are respect killings supported or approved. Or maybe, the Koran expresses that the family is assume to respect ladies and young ladies and never mishandled, hurt, or killed them (Friedman, 2010). Be that as it may, Robinson recognizes that respect killings are issues in Muslim social orders, however she calls attention to that there are numerous societies and religions that experience aggressive behavior at home and murder. She clarifies that individuals offer misanthropic expressions, by Muslim strict pioneers, yet in addition by Christian evangelists, logicians, progressives, existentialists, history specialists, researchers, artists, and others. She reasons that respect killings are not naturally an Islamic issue. Be that as it may, when they happen in Muslim families, they ought to be censured by Muslims wherever as being un-Islamic. Then again, Robert Spencer takes note of that families use Islam to leg itimize respect killings. He contends that despite the fact that Koran doesn't energize the murdering of ladies dependent on such offenses, the commonness of respect killings is again and again in Muslim social orders and families to the degree that they can never again be instances of abusive behavior at home. Spencer draws from the historical backdrop of Islamic nations where social orders use religion to legitimize viciousness against ladies. Spencer says that it is difficult to expect that Islam has nothing to do with respect killings when lion's share of such killings occur in Islamic setting. Spencer noticed that there are conditions where individuals connect respect killings to Islamic practices. He further sees that there are situations where Islamic culture teaches perspectives that can prompt respect executing (Friedman, 2010). Robinson and Spencer urge Muslim pioneers to denounce respect killings among Muslim social orders in the event that they accept that Islamic confid ence has nothing to do with respect killings.Advertising Looking for evaluation on social examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Socio-monetary perspectives on respect killings One of the variables that decide if an issue of respect prompts a respect slaughtering is the connection among Muslims and their locale individuals. For example, Turks experience social troubles when network bars them from different individuals. Subsequently, a family whose respect is in question will encounters pressure from the network to perform respect killings. The degree of open information will decide whether respect murdering happens or not. Thusly, on the off chance that numerous individuals think about the shame, at that point the family is probably going to take part in respect murdering. Turks are probably going to complete respect killings when faced straightforwardly with the loss of their respect. A family can overlook the loss of its respect till transparently stood up to with it, so, all things considered it can't disregard it any more (Eck, 2003). Open allegation improves the probability of respect killings, as opposed to a point to which loss of respect is a typical information. This is on the grounds that open allegation prompts discipline. The gathering liable for loss of respect might be freely blamed by the harmed party in the event that the individual in question can't assume liability. For this situation, individual thought processes may impact respect murdering. Loss of respect among Muslim social orders may incite open disparagement or tattle. Families attempt to reestablish respect via completing honor killings. In this way, loss of respect no longer subjects them to disengagement and derision. Respect murdering effectively restores harmony, regard and decontaminating the family name (Eck, 2003). Loss of respect in a family that outcomes into work misfortune and dread of joblessness is probabl y going to results into respect killings. Loss of respect can be unfortunate for families who have their organizations. When the general public has detached a family, clients will pull back coming about to crumple of undertakings. Thusly, the networks sentence the family to an existence of affliction. Studies show that social desire is among the contemplations controlling a choice to take part in respect killings. Be that as it may, this might be impacted by conventional qualities. A family may endeavor to recapture its lost greatness and regard by methods for respect executing inside their own class, where individuals from the class view such killings decidedly. Notwithstanding, it is huge to take note of that respect executing doesn't improve one’s social versatility inside the class framework (Wenona Hyndman, 2004). There are occurrences where respect slaughtering doesn't fill the need of reestablishing and filtering the family. The thought processes of such respect killin gs go from affectations to murder certain individuals, improve a girl’s odds of getting marriage, removing kids from stepfather, to wrongdoings of passion.Advertising We will compose a custom evaluation test on Honor Killing in Islam explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More At present, some different factors, for example, accessibility of weapons like guns make an empowering situation for respect killings. Some case might be identified with use and maltreatment of medications and liquor. Pundits contend whether there is a contrast between respect killings and abusive behavior at home including killings. References Eck, C. (2003). Sanitized by Blood: Honor Killings Amongst Turks in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Friedman, L. S. (2010). Women’s Rights: Introducing Issues with restricting perspectives. New York: Greenhaven Press. Wenona, G. Hyndman, J. (2004). Locales of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones. California: University of California Press. This evaluation on Honor Killing in Islam was composed and presented by client Willa Watkins to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Capstone Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Capstone Business Plan - Assignment Example The clients can communicate their individual necessities to the HR advisors who can furnish them with altered answers for meet their particular needs. The customers will profit by the particular administrations of the very much qualified experts who can comprehend their prerequisites and give brief conveyance of the custom-made administrations on schedule. Capstone will be a beginning up adventure that will be possessed and overseen by 6 accomplices who are knowledgeable about HR the executives zones and will contribute their aptitudes and skills to advance the previously mentioned business objectives. The business will at first beginning with a speculation of US $300,000. The all out capital prerequisite will be satisfied by a speculation of $50,000 by every one of the 6 partners.Keys to progress The accomplishment of the business will be founded on its system to make its market specialty through particular and redid HR answers for its customers. The business won't center just around chosen industry portions, yet will take into account the necessities of organizations over all enterprises and activities. The focused on showcase section for the business consequently will include little, medium and enormous scope associations who look for master HR arrangement. While the HR consultancy division faces extraordinary rivalry with driving worldwide players like Capgemini, Booz, Allen and Hamilton among others, the emphasis will be on unrivaled assistance execution and moment administration approach. Capstone will offer its customers with all around inquired about arrangements that are shown up at after a total assessment of the customer needs and existing vital practices in labor the executives. The underlying spotlight will be on making verbal proposal or market notoriety to set u p its market nearness. Consequently the valuing of the administrations offered during the initial a few years of activity will be serious. Organization crucial strategic Capstone Consultancy Services will be to assess customer prerequisites and offer altered HR arrangement bundles that meet and surpass client desires. The business will take into account the HR needs of organizations over all industry parts and broaden its aptitude in conveying exclusive requirements of HR administrations. Business objectives and targets Capstone will concentrate on building up its qualities and abilities in such a way, that it gives its clients specific assistance that will help the business in producing benefit and supporting long haul development. The objectives and targets of the business will be to: Offer its customers all out fulfillment in giving tweaked HR sol

A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges :: Personal Narrative Career Essays

A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges The vocation that I might want to accomplish is the one that I have dream of since my father propelled me as a young man. I have for a long while been itching to be a preservation official for northern Michigan. A protection official must have the option to play out all the errands set before him. A portion of these are authorizing fish and untamed life laws, watching and ensuring parks and woodlands, and keeping up the earth. For me as a dyslexic this makes learning and mean tanning an expert standard in the activity field hard. This not just represents a physical test, it header’s my point of view. I not just observe thing an alternate way additionally master thing in an alternate manner. For me I am a sound-related, hands on student. As protection official they ought to likewise be capable impart verbally and nonverbally with individuals and manage elevated levels of weight. All together for a protection official to be fruitful, that why I am here at like state deferring with my physical impairment. To arrive at these fantasies here at lake express the PC innovation is off the talks I have a hp PC that I have programming that I can peruse to me called read please and I can peruse to my PC with winged serpent. I likewise have a filtering pen that works extraordinary for schoolwork and notes. I likewise got a computerized recording device that will connect to my PC and I can religious circle that in to composed later notes. The ORSC can get any books on tap for me and I can diminish to him as opposed to perusing them with all the innovation I can document my objectives her at lake state. I talked with Casey Elliot from the Shiawasse Conservation Office. In his brief timeframe there, he said that he had discovered that it was essential to chip in your time as an understudy. He moved on from Central Michigan University two years a go. He revealed to me that planned managers took a gander at his graduation records and on the off chance that he had invested any energy as a volunteer while going to school it would have helped his activity possibilities. He spoke a little about his activity and what he does. He truly doesn't have a normal day, however a few days he strolling ranch fields to ensure that ranchers are cultivating the land they guarantee to be cultivating. A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges :: Personal Narrative Career Essays A Future Conservation Officer: Battling Physical Challenges The profession that I might want to accomplish is the one that I have dream of since my father enlivened me as a young man. I have for the longest time been itching to be a preservation official for northern Michigan. A preservation official must have the option to play out all the assignments set before him. A portion of these are upholding fish and untamed life laws, watching and securing parks and woods, and keeping up nature. For me as a dyslexic this makes learning and mean tanning an expert standard in the activity field hard. This not just represents a physical test, it header’s my point of view. I not just observe thing an alternate way additionally get the hang of thing in an alternate manner. For me I am a sound-related, hands on student. As preservation official they ought to likewise be capable impart verbally and nonverbally with individuals and manage significant levels of weight. All together for a protection official to be fruitful, that why I am here at like state deferring with my physical impediment. To arrive at these fantasies here at lake express the PC innovation is off the visits I have a hp PC that I have programming that I can peruse to me called read please and I can peruse to my PC with winged serpent. I likewise have a filtering pen that works extraordinary for schoolwork and notes. I likewise got a computerized recording device that will connect to my PC and I can religious community that in to composed later notes. The ORSC can get any books on tap for me and I can reduce to him as opposed to perusing them with all the innovation I can document my objectives her at lake state. I talked with Casey Elliot from the Shiawasse Conservation Office. In his brief timeframe there, he said that he had discovered that it was critical to chip in your time as an understudy. He moved on from Central Michigan University two years a go. He revealed to me that planned businesses took a gander at his graduation records and on the off chance that he had invested any energy as a volunteer while going to school it would have helped his activity possibilities. He spoke a little about his activity and what he does. He truly doesn't have a commonplace day, yet a few days he strolling ranch fields to ensure that ranchers are cultivating the land they guarantee to be cultivating.

Prevalence and incidence rates for diseases or health conditions allow Term Paper

Pervasiveness and rate rates for sicknesses or wellbeing conditions permit us to make examinations between networks - Term Paper Example This article will think about and contrasts weight and overweight of the blacks in San Diego against different networks in the nation and against the national stoutness circumstance in Canada. CDC (2012) characterizes body weight influenced by a blend of qualities, culture among others; then again, heftiness is known as the state of overweight in which an individual has body weight which is more than is viewed as solid for that individual’s tallness. Frequently the weight list (BMI) is utilized to gauge this condition be that as it may; most clinical experts don't have to utilize this technique as negligible perception of the patient can be utilized to assess the condition. As indicated by Shields, Carroll and Ogden (2011), among kids matured between six to ten years of age, it is characterized to be at or over the sex and age explicit ninety seventh percentile of BMI. Then again in grown-ups it is estimated as a Body Mass Index of in any event 30kg/m2. In the province of San Diego, the quantity of blacks who are hefty is high and as will be demonstrated as follows, this network in the area has a high level of all the more then 40% among the grown-ups. Other late reports have anticipated that the number could even be higher among youngsters. Grown-ups that might be depicted as neither overweight nor large as indicated by the 2009 to 2010 overview of grown-ups in the district among the blacks remained at a unimportant 23.2 percent. In the passage beneath, it is essential to look at it against other ethnic and racial networks in the area (California Healthcare Foundation, 2010). In the province of San Diego, the four significant ethnic and racial networks utilized in heftiness review are; blacks, whites, Hispanics and Mexican-Americans. In an overview directed somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2010, blacks had on normal the most elevated number of grown-ups with heftiness. Hispanics and Mexican Americans were on normal had the most elevated number of indi viduals who are overweight; in this way, the quantity of grown-ups was resolved as individuals who had the at any rate 20 years. The rate number of white individuals in the region who are corpulent remained at 33.2 while a higher percent of 33.5 percent were overweight. The rate number of blacks in the region who are hefty in the region was the most elevated at 46.6 percent while just 28.3 percent of the dark populace in the area was overweight. The rate number of Hispanics in the district, who are corpulent, was 38.4 percent and 39.3 percent for the overweight. In the province during a 2009 segment look into, the focal locale of the area had the most noteworthy level of stout grown-ups at around 29.3 percent though the North Central district had a pitiful 14.2 percent, the least in the region among large grown-ups (Ogden et al., 2012). An investigation directed in the year 2007 and 2009 in Canada to check the pace of weight in the nation uncovered that the rate in that nation was 2 4.1 percent. Dissimilar to in the area of San Diego where there is critical number of blacks among the populace, Canada really has a higher number of South Asians. Over a similar period, the two reports have uncovered some accursing data; the predominance paces of stoutness in the two areas have expanded essentially. The two reports have additionally noticed that the quantity of corpulent among blacks in San Diego and the populace in Canada among grown-up men matured 60 to 74 are high. All in all, whist dark populace have a

Politics Dissertations - Culture Contested Concept - Free Essay Example

More than a half century ago noted American poet T. S. Eliot eloquently expressed the complexity of the term culture, a term that is used so freely and with so little aforethought today. As Eliot learned, culture is quite difficult to define. He succeeded in describing the term, as Lord Evans (2001) noted, but a definition eluded even someone with Eliots gift for words. But Eliot was not alone in wrestling with defining culture; experts in a variety of disciplines have yet to agree on a consensus definition and some even contest the concept of culture itself. As this essay will demonstrate, controversy surrounding the concept of culture can be attributed, to a large degree, to the failure by those who study the topic to adopt a widely-accepted definition that adequately captures the complexity of the term. After presenting the results of a literature review on various definitions of culture and the topic of culture as a contested concept, the focus of the essay turns to the significance of culture in conflict resolution, demonstrating that culture is a critical factor in successfully resolving conflicts and, further, that a consensus definition for culture that reflects the realities of modern society would facilitate the conflict resolution process. Culture Defined Experts may not be able to agree on a definition for culture, but they apparently experience no difficulty in agreeing that culture is a difficult term to define (Edensor 2002; Hall 1980, cited in Park 2005). Susan Wright (1998) reports the existence of at least 164 definitions for culture. Noted sociologist and anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn (1949) defined culture eleven different ways in his book Mirror for Man, and he and his colleagues (1952) catalogued more than 160 definitions for culture into six categories descriptive, historical, normative, psychological, generic, and incomplete. Raymond Williams writes that, in the term culture, history has bestowed one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language, adding that culture can be used to refer to a wide range of phenomena and that the concept of culture has produced major political and philosophical disagreement (Williams 1983, cited in Chay 1990). Kluckhohn (1954) developed one of the most often cited definitions for culture in writing that it consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts. Culture has also been defined as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Tylor 1871, cited in Kluckhohn 1952); the human-made part of the environment (Herskovits 1955, cited in Earley and Randal 1997); shared meaning systems (Shweder and LeVine 1984, cited in Earley and Randal 1997); the sum total and organization of the social heritages which have acquired a social meaning because of racial temperament and of the historical life of the group (Park and Burgess 1921, cited in Kluckhohn 1952); the mode of life followed by the community or the tribe [including] all standa rdized social procedures (Wissler 1929, cited in Kluckhohn 1952); the sum of mens adjustments to their life-conditionsattained only through the combined action of variation, selection, and transmission (Sumner and Keller 1927, cited in Kluckhohn 1952); and a product of human association (Groves 1928, cited in Kluckhohn 1952). In the aggregate, the various definitions just presented express the theme of shared meanings acquired then passed from generation to generation. They also describe culture at group and societal levels. Other experts describe the term from the perspective of the individual or otherwise provide for differences in cultural attributes within a group or society. Hofstede (1980, cited in Earley and Randel 1997) defines culture as a set of mental programs that control an individuals responses in a given context. Park (2005) describes culture as a marker for difference in society. And Rohner (1984, cited in Earley and Randel 1997) defines the term as the totality of equivalent and complementary learned meanings maintained by a human population, or by identifiable segments of a population, and transmitted from one generation to the next. The phrase equivalent and complementary learned meanings is critical to an understanding of Rohners definition, according to Earley and Randel, because it p rovides for individual variances in interpretations of learned meanings within a culture. Although these definitions represent only a small portion of those revealed from a review of the literature, they provide some insight into the range of thought on the topic of culture, especially perspectives on assessing culture at various levels societal, group, and individual. As will be suggested, the difficulty experts have experienced in defining culture helps to explain why culture is a contested concept and why a solution to the definitional problem is important to resolving the debate about the role of culture in conflict resolution and, ultimately, to facilitating the conflict resolution process. Culture as a Contested Concept Fantasia and Hirsch (1995, cited in Ellis and Thompson, 1997) write, with a hint of sarcasm, that cultural theorists can take pride in their creation of a contested terrain in the study of culture. The literature review indicated that most experts who contest the concept of culture base their disputes on the belief that, in the modern world, there is no all-embracing culture in which everyone in a given society blindly holds precisely the same shared meanings, which is suggested by most traditional definitions of culture. The concept of culture has long been contested (Cooper and Denner 1998; Mathews 2000). Bhabha (1993) writes that, as people have increasingly migrated to other lands in modern times, they have only taken part of their total culture with them. The culture of these migrants becomes a mixture of the cultures from their native societies and those found in the society in which they entered. Heath (1997) writes that experts no longer consider culture to be a viable concept in a world of volatile, situated, and overlapping social identities, contending that various disciplines have taken issue with culture as a concept for various reasons. She writes that educators protest the concept on the basis of its transmission of connotations of objectivity, discreteness, essentialism, and ahistoricism; sociologists challenge the concept on the grounds of production, mass consumerism, and popular entertainment; and experts from the human sciences contest the totalizing universalizing perspectives of culture, replacing these arbitrary constructions with permeable membranes that are not predictable or deterministic. Heath (1997) also points to the fuzzy boundaries of culture, arguing that specific cultures are hard to isolate and claiming that variations are becoming apparent within groups that have been traditionally viewed as possessing unique cultures. Edensor (2002) writes that popular culture is having a major cross-cultural effect on traditional cultures. Childs and Storry (1999) claim that cultures are changing so quickly that a snapshot of current cultural practices is inevitably going to be blurred. Mathews (2000), in noting that even anthropologists are increasingly avoiding the term culture, poses the question as to whether in todays world of global flows and interactions cultural labels are appropriate and claims that individuals personally select which elements of a given culture to apply in their behavioural decisions. Brightman (1995, cited in Mathews 2000) notes t hat some experts are enclosing culture in quotation marks to indicate their ambivalence, self-consciousness or censure about the term. In closing, perhaps Earley and Randel (1997) offer the one of the more revealing insights into the controversy over the term culture: We suggest that while the romance of culture as a grand concept capturing the complexity of society and life is tempting, this conceptualization is both limiting and misleading. The Significance of Culture in Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution and culture are intrinsically intertwined. Rubin and colleagues (1994, cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997) define conflict as perceived divergence of interest, or a belief that parties current aspirations cannot be achieved simultaneously. Hopmann (1998) contends that, in a complex world, conflict is unavoidable. Conflict is an inevitable consequence of the interdependence inherent in human interaction (Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997). Processes used to resolve conflicts must be considered within a larger cultural context (Just 1991). Conflicts are cultural events in every sense of the word, according to Lederach (1991). Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997) write that conflict resolution is a cultural phenomenon. Avruch (1991) refers to conflicts and conflict resolution approaches as cultural events. Various studies have confirmed that conflict resolution processes are culture-specific (Avruch and Black 1991; Avurch, Black and Scimecca 1991, cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997). Ross (1993 , cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997) originated the term culture of conflict to describe the norms and institutions that a society applies in conflicts. Beliefs, attitudes, and patterns of behaviours about conflict are internalised by people in their cultural settings and, in turn, strengthened by cultural norms and institutions. And, because conflict is a cultural phenomenon, the methods used to perceive and respond to conflict are typically transparent to those involved because these methods are based on assumptions that they do not question. (Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997) Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997) urge caution in applying conflict resolution approaches across cultural lines. For instance, they recommend that generic manuals prescribing conflict resolution procedures to be used in all cultural settings should be avoided (Avruch 1991). People involved in conflict resolution should be flexible and sensitive to cultural differences, according to Lederach (1991, cited in Bjrkqvist) and Benvenisti (1986, cited in Avruch 1991). Benvenisti chastises conflict resolvers who believe that communal conflicts are like a chessboard where one can think up the best arrangement of chess pieces and move them all at once. Cultures vary in the mechanisms they use in resolving conflict with some applying formal mechanisms such as court systems and others using informal approaches such as gossip, teasing, and exclusion (Black 1993; Fry 1992, 1994; Hollan 1988; White 1991, cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997). Versi (2002) suggests that if you know where the other person is coming from culturally, you can develop a more effective approach to resolving conflict. Rubin (1994, cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997), articulates four generic strategies used in conflict resolution: (1) contending, which involves a high level of concern for ones own results and a low level of concern for the others results; (2) problem solving, which involves high levels of concern for ones own results and those of the other party; (3) yielding, which involves a low level of concern for ones own results and a high level of concern for the others results; and (4) avoiding, which involves low levels of concern for ones own results and those of the other party. Of these, the authors argue that problem solving is the most effective strategy because it permits both contenders to win. Fortunately, the problem solving strategy is effective across a broad spectrum of cultures. In problem solving, the use of a non-partisan th ird-party facilitator has also been found to be effective across cultures (Black 1993, cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry 1997). The Culture Definition Dilemma and Its Effects on Optimal Conflict Resolution Outcomes The debate about culture, specifically the controversy surrounding the validity of culture as a concept, is important to the field of conflict resolution because cultural factors are so inexorably linked to conflicts and their effective resolutions. Results of the literature review of definitions for the term culture and the review of literature on culture as a contested concept suggest that definitions describing culture as a group or societal phenomenon without allowing for variance within the group or society may be at the root of the cultural concept validity dispute. As Bhabha (1993), Childs and Storry (1999), Edensor (2002), Heath (1997), and Mathews (2000) proffer, modern societies are increasingly integrating and, as this occurs, their members are mixing their unique cultural attributes with one another thereby blurring the distinctions that once defined individual cultures. But does this mean that the concept of culture is invalid? The answer to that question lies in the definitions of culture that allow for individual variance in cultural attributes. For instance, the definition offered by Rohner (1984, cited in Earley and Randel 1997), who defines the term as the totality of equivalent and complementary learned meanings maintained by a human population, or by identifiable segments of a population, and transmitted from one generation to the next, provides for individual variances in interpretations of learned meanings within a culture. This definition seems offer the flexibility to adequately define culture within the context of modern inter mingled societies, thus revalidating the concept of culture. How, then, would a definition for culture that provides for individual variance relate to conflict resolution? Although a definition that considers everyone within a particular culture to share precisely the same cultural attributes would help to make conflict resolution a much more predictable process, such a definition does not reflect the realities of modern societies. However, knowing that members of a culture share equivalent and complementary learned meanings, as proposed by Rohner, permits a certain degree of predictability whilst simultaneously providing needed flexibility to accommodate individual variance. There may even be an additional benefit in this condition for practitioners in conflict resolution. Individual variance may actually serve to weaken strong cultural barriers that have, in the past, obstructed successful conflict resolution. For instance, as cultures integrate more fully, their members typically become more understanding of each others cultural attributes . This understanding should provide an enhanced common basis for resolving conflicts and may even reduce the incidence of conflicts themselves. Conclusion In the modern global village, as opportunities increase for people and their cultures to interact, the need for effective conflict resolution has never been more critical or more difficult, yet experts in a variety of disciplines are engaged in seemingly endless philosophical arguments about the validity of culture as a concept, diverting their energies from what seem to be more productive endeavours such as developing new techniques for conflict resolution that could lead to a more peaceful world. Adopting a more flexible definition for culture one that recognises individual variances and the realities of the modern world would be a first step in achieving this worthy goal. References Avruch, K. (1991) Introduction: Culture and conflict-resolution, in K. Avruch, P. W. Black, and J. A. Scimecca, eds., Conflict Resolution: Cross Cultural Perspectives, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. Avruch, K., and Black, P. W. (1991) The culture question and conflict resolution, Peace and Change 16. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Avruch, K., Black, P. W., and Scimecca, J. A., (1991) Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Benvenisti, Meron (1986) Conflicts and Contradictions, New York: Villard Books/Random House. Cited in Avruch (1991). Bhabha, Homi K. (1993) Cultures in between, Artforum International 32:1, September 1993. Bjrkqvist, Kaj, and Fry, Douglas P. (1997) Cultural Variation in Conflict Resolution: Alternatives to Violence, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Black, D. (1993) The Social Structure of Right and Wrong, San Diego, California: Academic Press. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Brightman, R. (1995) Forget culture: Replacement, transcendence, relexification, Cultural Anthropology 10:4. Cited in Mathews (2000). Chay, Jongsuk (1990) Culture and International Relations, New York: Praeger. Childs, Peter, and Storry, Mike (1999) Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture, London: Routledge. Cooper, Catherine R., and Denner, Jill (1998) Theories linking culture and psychology: Universal and community-specific processes, Annual Review of Psychology 49. Earley, P. Christopher, and Randel, Amy E. (1997) Culture without borders: An individual-level approach to cross-cultural research in organizational behavior, in Cary L. Cooper and Susan E. Jackson, eds., Creating Tomorrows Organizations: A Handbook for Future Research in Organizational Behavior, Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Edensor, Tim (2002) National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life, Oxford: Berg. Eliot, T. S. (1949) Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 62. Ellis, Richard J., and Thompson, Michael (1997) Culture Matters: Essays in Honor of Aaron Wildavsky, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Evans, Lord (2001) The economy of the imagination, New Statesman 130:4544, July 2, 2001. Fantasia, Rick, and Hirsch, Eric L. (1995), Culture and rebellion: the appropriation and transformation of the veil in the Algerian Revolution, in Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, eds., Social Movements and Culture, Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Cited in Ellis and Thompson (1997). Fry, D. P. (1992) Female aggression among the Zapotec of Oaxaca, Mexico, in K. Bjrkqvist and P. Niemel, eds., Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression, San Diego, California: Academic Press. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Fry, D. P. (1994) Maintaining social tranquillity: Internal and external loci of aggression control, in L. E. Sponsel and T. Gregor, eds., The Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Groves, E. R. (1928) An Introduction to Sociology, New York. Cited in Kluckhohn (1952). Hall, S. (1980) Cultural studies: Two paradigms, in F. E. N. B. Dirk and S. B. Ortner, eds., A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Cited in Park (2005). Heath, Shirley Brice (1997) Culture: Contested realm in research on children and youth, Personality and Social Psychology Review 1:3. Herskovits, M. J. (1955) Cultural Anthropology, New York: Knopf. Cited in Earley and Randel (1997). Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Newbury Park, California: Sage. Cited in Earley and Randel (1997). Hollan, D. (1988) Staying cool in Toraja: Informal strategies for the management of anger and hostility in a non-violent society, Ethos 16. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Hopmann, Terrence (1998) The Negotiation Process and the Resolution of International Conflicts, Columbia, South Carolina: Columbia South Carolina Press. Just, Peter (1991) Conflict resolution and moral community among the Dou Donggo, in Kevin Avruch, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca, eds., Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. Kluckhohn, C. (1949) Mirror for Man, New York: Wittlesey House. Kluckhohn, Clyde (1954) Culture and Behavior, New York: Free Press. Kluckhohn, Clyde et al. (1952) Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum. Lederach, John Paul (1991) Of nets, nails, and problems: The folk language of conflict resolution in a Central American settting, in Kevin Avruch, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca, eds., Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. Mathews, Gordon (2000) Searching for Home in the Cultural Supermarket, London: Routledge. Park, R. E., and Burgess, E. W. (1921) Introduction to the Science of Sociology, Chicago. Cited in Kluckhohn (1952). Park, Yoosun (2005) Culture as deficit: A critical discourse analysis of the concept of culture in contemporary social work discourse, Journal of Sociology Social Work 32:3. Rohner, R. R. (1984) Toward a conception of culture for cross-cultural psychology, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 15:2. Cited in Earley and Randel (1997). Ross, M. H. (1993) The Management of Conflict, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Rubin, J. Z., Pruitt, D. G., and Kim, S. H. (1994) Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement, New York: McGraw-Hill. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Shweder, R. A. and LeVine, R. A. (1984) Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion, New York: Cambridge University Press. Cited in Earley and Randel (1997). Sumner, W. G., and Keller, A. G. (1927) The Science of Society, New Haven, Connecticut. Cited in Kluckhohn (1952). Tylor, E. B. (1871) Primitive Culture, Boston. Cited in Kluckhohn (1952). Versi, Anver (2002) Coping with culture clash, African Business, May 2002. White, G. M. (1991) Rhetoric, reality, and resolving conflicts: Disentangling in a Solomon Islands society, in K. Avruch, P. W. Black, and J. A. Schimecca, eds., Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. Cited in Bjrkqvist and Fry (1997). Wissler, C. (1929) An Introduction to Social Anthropology, New York. Cited in Kluckhohn (1952). Williams, Raymond (1983) Keywords, London: Fontana. Cited in Chay (1990). Wright, Susan (1998) The politicization of culture, Anthropology Today 14:1.

Middle School Problem Solution Essay Topics - Four Different Essay Topics

Middle School Problem Solution Essay Topics - Four Different Essay TopicsOne of the best ways to get your students writing papers is to provide them with a number of Middle School Problem Solution Essay Topics. These essay topics allow you to place your ideas in the essay and also help your students to more easily write their papers.Problems are one of the best teaching tools in school today. In the process of teaching them how to solve problems that are important to them, you will see that there are four different types of problems that your students have to solve.The first problem is the first issue you have to begin solving. The first topic that you will need to address is to come up with some sort of incentive for your student. The first thing you need to find out is why the incentive you are providing is important to them.Why should they be interested in the incentive? Why is it that they are actually able to find some reason to be interested in the incentive? This means that yo u will need to find a way to identify the main reason that will make the incentive important to them.The second problem is the one where you are going to teach your students about learning about situations that they can learn from. When you do this, you will be showing your students that this is an area where they can take some lessons, and a problem that they will be able to solve.Kids are always curious, and kids really love to find out the answers to questions. The first two problems that you will need to solve in your middle school problem solution essay topics are going to be in the first one category.The last problem is going to be your middle school problem solution essay topics that are going to allow you to show your students how you are going to find the answers to their questions. Using this process, you will be able to give your students plenty of ideas on how they can solve the problems that they have come up with.

The Flaws of the Creature a Critique on Walker Percy Essay

In his essay, The Loss of the Creature, Walker Percy claims that there are two types of students: privileged and unprivileged knowers. However, Percy labels his readers by what he feels is appropriate. According to David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky in the introduction to Ways of Reading, it is up to us, the readers, to determine what Percy might mean when he uses key terms and phrases in his essay. Bartholomae and Petrosky believe that The meaning is forged from reading the essay, to be sure, but it is determined by your account of what Percy might mean when he talks about ‘symbolic packages or a ‘loss of sovereignty (8). Yet Percy only believes in his ideas because of his elitist point of view and feels as though he†¦show more content†¦Isnt this the most logical answer? All humans have different points of view and ways of looking at certain things. I choose to believe what I want from Percys argument. For example, I am intrigued about his idea of privil eged and unprivileged knowers but I feel that it is neither a valid nor reasonable idea. It seems as though Percy is implying that he is an expert or privileged knower while also implying that we are the students or unprivileged knower. Supposedly, Percy is not convinced that those who might be the unprivileged knowers learn best from such experts. So is Percy saying that he himself is not in a position of to teach and share knowledge? I feel as though this is a flaw in Percys essay because it does not strengthen his argument against students having a sovereign experience. This is one of the several weak-points in his essay. Another weak-point derives from Percys idea of rating the authenticity of an experience by giving it a value P. He then states, it would be nearer the truth to say that if the place is seen by a million sightseers, a single sightseer does not receive value P but a millionth part of value P (Percy 469). This idea is another problematic point in his argume nt because Percy is unable to feel what one feels. If we were to measure the emotions felt whenShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages174 Generating Alternatives 176 Evaluating Alternatives 176 Implementing the Solution 177 Limitations of the Analytical Problem-Solving Model 178 Impediments to Creative Problem Solving 178 Multiple Approaches to Creativity 179 Conceptual Blocks 183 Percy Spencer’s Magnetron 185 Spence Silver’s Glue 185 The Four Types of Conceptual Blocks 185 Review of Conceptual Blocks 194 Conceptual Blockbusting 194 Stages in Creative Thought 194 Methods for Improving Problem Definition 195 Ways to Generate More Alternatives

The American Constitution, A Staple Of Modern Democracy.

The American Constitution, a staple of modern democracy. The shining jewel of how a country is supposed to be run effectively. In the 220+ years that this country has been founded, the powers of the federal government have grown exponentially. The Framers, influential white men from the original 13 colonies(minus Rhode Island), consisted of those who wanted a strong central government and those for strong state rights. Together, through a series of compromises, the Framers created the original unamend Constitution. Once sent out to the states for ratification, it was sent back to include the civil liberties that every citizen has, The Bill of Rights. After four years, the Constitution was ratified, and became the law of the new†¦show more content†¦The Articles failed to lead the country through war debts, multistate and international trade agreements, and Shay’s Rebellion. Like any war, the American Revolution was very expensive to have, especially on their own turf. The country borrowed money from the richer states in the form of war bonds, and when it was time to pay up, the country did not have the money, and defaulted on repayment. Congress did have the ability to create coin, but no ability to back it up. Plus, without having access to tax (the states kept rejecting Congress’s proposal), there was no way to raise revenue. After the war was over, multiple states made trade agreements with different, and at times, conflicting countries. This was a dangerous game, because as states in the same ‘unified’ country, a foreign entity may see one state trading with a country that they do not associate with, and another state may miss out on that trade opportunity that might benefit the country as a whole. The catalyst that brought the entire Articles down is Shay’s Rebellion. 1500 farmers marched to the Massachusetts capital to ensure the state does not close their mortgages, and the state government was too broke to must er up an army. After the other states refusal to help, Massachusetts had to use private funds to pay an army to put it down. All in all the Articles of Confederation created a weak central government, which led the Founders having to come together(O’Connor 32-34).Show MoreRelatedInnovation on American Soil 865 Words   |  4 Pagescreative and forward-thinking might. With many of the most commonly used pieces of technology having their origins in the United States, it is safe to say that every generation of America has changed the world with their brilliant minds. Innovating on American soil actually began long before America did. â€Å"On March 6, 1646, Joseph Jenckes received the first mechanical patent in North America. Issued by the General Court of Massachusetts, it protected his mill for manufacturing scythes† (â€Å"US Patent History†)Read MoreAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of America and France, encouraging the American and French Revolutions. The Enlightenment brought about a new age of philosophical and intellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Government, Social Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized democratic powers such as the UnitedRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom In America1256 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom has been present in American literature and American history ever since this country was formed. Ever since the colonists declared independence from England, freedom has been the staple of America and it continues to be as many people leave their homes and come to our country just to seek it. The Declaration of Independence started the need for freedom and later documents such as What Is The Fourth of July to a Negro continued the prospect of everyone deserving freedom in America. EveryoneRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : America s Justice System1301 Words   |  6 Pagesvictim to. America s justice system by our constitution intends to provide justice for all; however, I believe that racial profiling continues to deter from that goal because of its negative inflictions by our structural law enforcement, society, and cultural upbringing. Native American, Caucasians, African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic is all vastly discriminated when we as people, consider race as a viable indicator of weakness. Native Americans are seen as people whose pre-Columbian ancestorsRead MoreIslam : A Threat Of America And The Western World2353 Words   |  10 PagesThis paper also discusses the history of Islam, its founding, what it it teaches, and how the religion has affected the world since its origin. The paper goes on to show incompatibilities that Islam has with the western world, whether that may be democracy or individual rights. Further, the dangers of Islamic immigration to the western world is made clear. Especially how immigration has changed and what that means in terms of the morals and values of the immigrants. This paper goes on to compare IslamRead MoreApush: Chapters 1-5 Study Guide1946 Words   |  8 Pagesof the native Americans [book our documents] Early settlements in North America - prior to Columbus [generalization of what they were like] Influence of horses on Native Americans Chesapeake the Lower South: Early settlement conditions – disease ridden small settlements originally established for the discovery of gold and profit. Not intended to become long term and inhabited by mainly young single men with few women or families. Jamestown relationship with Native Americans before De LaRead MoreHugo Chavez and Venezuela Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesVenezuela’s political prospects changed in 1999 when Hugo Chavez became president. Starting his presidency, Chavez created a new constitution for Venezuela, and the country’s name was changed to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Since then, the country had a total change as it underwent a system of socialism, as the oil company and many other private businesses were nationalized. In this socialist system, revenues generated from the oil industry were invested in social programs to helpRead MorePolitical Dynasty2453 Words   |  10 Pageshave wielded some influence in their communities, and patronage politics was a common undertaking. After the  Philippine-American War, the  United States  colonial authorities took under their wings these  Illustrados  to join the democratic process. During this period, family names such as  Cojuangcos,  Lopezes,  Marcoses,  Osmeà ±as  and  Aquinos  became household names. The 1987  Constitution of the Philippines  states in Article II Section 26,  The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for publicRead MoreThe Age of Enlightenment Essay2088 Words   |  9 Pageschallenged the inequality between the kings and their people, and tried to establish a sound system of ethics. The ideas behind the Enlightenment were shared through multiple media such as literature and art, and those ideas provided the framework for the American and French Revolutions, as well as giving rise to multiple genres of art such as the Rococo and Neoclassical styles along with the Romanticist style that went against Enlightenment ideals. One reason as to why the Enlightenment came about accordingRead MoreThe Electoral College Should Be Abolished2593 Words   |  11 PagesEvery 4 years, our country makes an incredibly important decision. We vote for the person who will represent the US in all domestic and international affairs; The President. Currently, we have many troops in Iraq fighting to help them establish a democracy. We are giving the citizens a right to vote, a privilege that many people claim we are lucky to have. In actuality, how democratic is our system overall? What many people dont realize or care to face, is we dont directly vote for our president

The University Of Wisconsin Oshkosh Titans And The St....

Competition is a unique situation in life to analyze. If you can focus on the small details outside of the game, there’s a possibility that you can understand the way an athlete is performing and why a coach is behaving a certain way. In the heat of the moment, if not properly trained, one can not perform to their potential due to the pressure that the moment of competition can place on an individual. This can be just as much for coaches and how they react and act as much as it goes for player. Effective coaches know how to use the situation to their advantage and know what to do or how to react at the appropriate time. In this paper, I’ll examine the competition of the University of Wisconsin – Oshkosh Titans and the St. Thomas Tommies in a NCAA Division 3 playoff game. I’m watching this game from the UW-Oshkosh side, so I will be observing the UW-Oshkosh football team for the most part. With this competition between UW-Oshkosh and St. Thomas, I’ll break down this paper into four talking points and the effects of said points. These four points are pre-competition routine, feedback and reinforcement by coach, game flow and interruptions and then other thoughts and factors that I noticed during the game. First off, let’s discuss the pre-competition routine for this highly anticipated playoff game. UW-Oshkosh warms up with very little mistakes and appear to be comfortable with their warm-up routine. There is a lot of energy on the Oshkosh sideline, with smiles and head nods

Rousseaus Concept of Democracy Essay - 995 Words

Rousseau describes democracy as a form of government that â€Å"has never existed and never will† ; yet twenty-six countries in the world are considered to be full democracies. How can this be possible? Rousseau’s concept of democracy supports the most fundamental and basic premise of democracy – one in which all citizens directly participate. While his idea of democracy cannot be considered an effective indictment of what passes for democracy today, it is not Rousseau’s account which is flawed but that in modern society is would be practically impossible to achieve this idea of democracy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau defines democracy as a government in which â€Å"the sovereign entrust the government to the entire people†¦so that there are more†¦show more content†¦A state with â€Å"simplicity of mores† is a state in which its citizens are not greedy or ambitions. Finally, a state must have equality and little luxury because they both co rrupt the citizens. Even if a state were to have these basic premises in place, there must be institutions that allow for the prosperity of a democratic government. The democratic government, according to Rousseau consists of a legislative power and an executive power. While the legislative power belongs solely to the people (for they are the ones responsible for making the law), the executive power belongs solely to the Sovereignty. Along with this, Rousseau describes four types of law present in a democracy: political, civil, criminal and mores. These laws are in place to regulate relationships. Political laws regulate the relationship between the sovereign and the state, civil laws are for the relationship between the subjects, the relationship between man and law is regulated by criminal law and finally, and according to Rousseau, most importantly are mores laws which â€Å"preserves a people in the spirit of its institutions† and thus all other laws depend on this one. Democracy today is different from what Rousseau describes. Even in Norway, which ranked as the most democratic country in 2010, a constitutional democracy still exists. SocietiesShow MoreRelatedRousseau Vs Democracy853 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy, More Like DemoCRAZY An issue with the concept and philosophy of democracy is that idea in which is theorized to uphold can sometimes contradict themselves. Democracy in itself cannot be definitely defined, but instead is left up to interpretation by many philosophers and theorists, all of whom have wildly varying convictions of how an actual democracy should function. The ideals in which one person might claim to the be fundamental basics of their version of a democracy could also theRead MoreRousseau s Beliefs On The Form Of Governments Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagessovereign. In his writings from the social contract Rousseau outlines what the sort of government should be. 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The fallibility of Rousseau’s Social Contract is its very foundation on the general will and the capacity of human beings to give up their personal wills for the common good. of human beings to stems from a few questionsRead MoreJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 PagesRousseau essentially wanted to establish a relationship between citizens that provided everyone with adequate protection endorsed by the community while preserving the free will and liberty of each (A Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, II, p. 29). Rousseau’s account of the social contract does not reflect the framework of modern liberalism due to the fact that it stresses the importance of community, whereas modem liberalism emphasizes the importance of individualism, an aspect that Locke focuses onRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke: Their Relevance for American Society 1811 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau each present and describe their own perceptions of what allows for equality, freedom and democracy. Of the many major ideas developed throughout these texts, the two main distinctions between the two philosophers are natural freedom versus civil freedom and individualism versus collectivism. John Locke, who provided the framework that would allow for liberal democracy, writes that in a state of nature, no one has more power or jurisdiction than another and is naturally free; inRead MoreJohn Locke vs Jean-Jacques Rousseau.1663 Words   |  7 Pagestheir theories on different assumptions, which subsequently lead to dissimilar ideas about the origin of society and the constitution of governments. As a result, their views of the development of society greatly dissent from each other. Lockes and Rousseaus different versions in the development of society cause them to reach disparate conclusions concerning the legislative power, social unit, and revolution rights of the society. Locke believes that the government holds the legislative power, societyRead MoreSocial And Political Order : Seat Belt Laws1102 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment influence directly interferes with individuals healthy motives, and inappropriately censors self-expression and freedom. Through the evaluation of both the originating and traditional theories, in addition to contemporary updates of Hobbes and Rousseau’s social contract theories, and their application to modern law and politics the need for a meshing of minds is identified. The selection of a simple modern law that demonstrates government oversight over individual expression is required to appropriatelyRead MoreSummary Of Fight Club By Chuck Palahniuk1233 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of Democracy Professor Erfani 10.5.2014 Rousseau Reaction Paper In this essay, I will analyze of the concept of a general will in Rousseau’s political philosophy. Rousseau had strong beliefs regarding the bettering of society, particularly in terms of a general will, which starkly revealed his beliefs on individualism. I will briefly summarize Rousseau’s argument regarding the concept of a general will in an attempt to tie it to the book, Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk. Rousseau’s SocialRead MoreJefferson and Rousseau Influences786 Words   |  4 PagesIndependence,† Jefferson directly adopts several themes found in the work of French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau’s â€Å"The Origin of Civil Society,† provides a foundation for most of Jefferson’s ideas in â€Å"The Declaration of Independence.† In the opening of the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson lays out several main themes that reflect Rousseaus concepts. Jefferson borrows from Rousseaus thinking on equality and freedom when writing, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men areRead MoreLetter from Jean-Jacques Rousseau1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the general will of individuals is not violated. Citizens should therefore hold the power to abolish these elected leaders and re-elect a new government if they are not leading with the peoples’ best interests in mind. 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Explore the different approaches to the theme of love and marriage presented in Acts one and Act Two of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Explore the different approaches to the theme of love and marriage presented in Acts one and Act Two of Romeo and Juliet Essay William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is one of the most famous love stories of all time. Written in approximately 1595, it is considered to be one of Shakespeares great works. Using the on-going feud between the Montagues and the Capulets as a backdrop to his play, Shakespeare gains an insight into the lives of the residents of Verona. As the story unfolds, a great variety of moral approaches and explanations as to the meaning of love and value of marriage are explored. Different characters in the play have diverse approaches to the theme of love and marriage. At the beginning of the play, Romeo is clearly fascinated with the notion of being in love. It is this attraction to being in love rather than actual love that is displayed for the character of Rosaline. The audience does not see Rosaline throughout the whole play; they only gain an insight to her from Romeos clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d descriptions. Shakespeare makes a play on words in the language he uses when describing the places Romeo goes when in love with Rosaline. e.g. Benvolio tells of Romeos times in the grove of sycamore (sick-a-more), revealing Romeos love sick indulgence. In the words of Mercutio, Romeos love for Rosaline is nothing but vain fantasy. Romeo is seen to spend much of his time in darkness whilst he is infatuated with Rosaline. Benvolio describes him as stealing away into the covert of the wood. A comparison can be made with Romeos love for Juliet and the infatuation with Rosal ine in the language that is used. With Rosaline, Romeo is always described as being confused and lamenting at his situation. Romeos use of oxymorons develop this impression of bewilderment; heavy lightness, serious vanity /feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, but his love for Juliet is genuine and pure. An interesting interpretation of Romeos rehearsed love for Rosaline is made in Luhrmanns Romeo + Juliette (1996). When the character of Romeo is first introduced he is writing down the oxymorons oh brawling love, oh loving hate Later, when he speaks to Benvolio he repeats these words again, giving the false impression of spontaneity though the audience know that this is not the case. Taking the popular expression to be in the dark to mean not knowing the full truth or not understanding, Shakespeare is dropping a subtle hint at the fact that what is shown for Rosaline is not really love at all, it is just a well rehearsed idea in the imagination of a teenage boy. Benvolio also makes an important insight into Romeos love for Rosaline Blind is his love, and best befits the dark. One could say that when Romeo meets Juliet, he has seen the light. Romeo instantly sees Juliet as the right woman for him. In saying, Did my heart love till now? and I neer saw true beauty till this night; Romeo finally reveals to himself and the audience that his previous impression of love was false. He describes Juliet in terms of light and all the beautiful things associated with light. To him she is now the sun who kills the envious moon. This is a far cry from the images of despair and darkness shown for Rosaline. Juliet is a pure, almost god-like being to him and he has completely dis pelled any thought of love for Rosaline. Later in Act 2, when Friar Lawrence questions Romeo on Rosaline he replies RosalineNo/I have forgot that name and that names woe; she is nothing more than a distant memory to him. How is Sheila affected by her realization EssayFriar Lawrence is one of the most interesting and mysterious characters of the play. His early interest in plants and herbs indicates some of the events that that take place at the end of the play. In saying that Poison hath residence in these plants it is clear to the audience that this is a potential component to Romeo and Juliets deaths at the end of the play. Friar Lawrence is pleased to hear of the news that Romeo no longer dotes on Rosaline and comments on this love by saying Thy love did read by rote that could not spell. This is clear confirmation that it is visible to all that Romeo could not spell out his love for Rosaline and had merely recited different impressions of love as they came into his head. He notes that youthful love rests Not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes this wise analysis portrays Friar Lawrence to be a learned and wise man whose advise should be listened too. His willingness to agree to marry Romeo and Juliet; although an apparent gesture of goodwill, is seen by many as to be the cause for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet later on in the play. Shakespeares use of language is a clear indication at the general mood of the play. It is often those with less social status who do not use rhyme. For example the serving staff in the first scene speak using slang and use little eloquent language in their speech. My naked weapon is out, said by Sampson is a line unlikely to be used by somebody of higher class. When Romeo and Juliet share their romantic encounter on Juliets balcony, some of the most beautiful language of play is used. Shakespeares use of sonnets and the religious references are vital to the structure of their lines. Loves light wings make this experience almost dreamlike for both persons; so much so, that Juliet sees it essential to confirm this love, which is in her mind too rash, too unadvised, too sudden, with marriage. Another evocative use of language is in the words said by Friar Lawrence. A striking resemblance between the way Mercutio speaks and the way Juliets Nurse speak can also be observed. The Nurses wor ds of seek happy nights to happy days said to Juliet, are similar to Mercutios advice to stop burdening love when it is such a tender thing. The Nurse and Mercutio also enjoy making sexual suggestions. In conclusion, love and marriage are approached by different characters in Romeo and Juliet from different points of view. This specific point of view is determined by a variety of factors, namely: social class, age and personality. Despite these differences in opinion, all characters agree on one fundamental thought: that love and marriage are not one-dimensioned states of mind. They are multi faceted ideas and there is no absolute definition for each one. Love and marriage cannot be experienced by an individual but by two individuals who each have their own aspirations for life.

Critical Thinking Learner and Learning

Question: What do you see as the key similarities and differences between the views of learning and learners taken in the two articles? Can you account for these in any way? Answer: Understanding of articles Gao talks about the importance of having bilingual teaching assistants in a school. Few of the words were difficult to understand. Linguistically was one such word which was not understood when the article was initially read. While reading the article for the second time, the reader gets an understanding that linguistically means the basic language that is used by the bilingual assistant. Pedagogical was one word which again created a confusion for the reader to understand. Understanding of the word was gained with the help of a dictionary. The understanding about the research participants was also difficult while reading the article for the first time. The details of the participant are very vast and hence, it seemed to be very confusing. Different forms of education is spoken about in the article but was well understood while reading the article for the second time. Similarly, there were plenty of terms in the article which was written by Helsper as well. Digital native itself was a complicated word to understand and the reader was able to understand the word only after reading the first paragraph again. Different authors had different definition for the term digital native and hence, it was difficult to understand the overall meaning of that particular term. Lot of evidence has been shared by the authors regarding the functioning of brains and hence, it was complicated to understand the medical terms related to brains. View on learning and learner by the author The ethnic minority and immigrant students in Hong Kong are the learners in the article. The number of ethnic minority and immigrant students in Hong Kong is increasing continuously. It is the responsibility of the schools to look for ways by which these students can also learn and speak Chinese. To overcome the barrier that these kids are facing, schools decided to appoint bilingual assistant who can help the learners to bridge the communication gap. Hiring bilingual language assistant was a strategy used in the UK so that the students can learn the target language, English. Hiring bilingual language assistant from the minority group will be very helpful to the students. The learning process will be explained by the bilingual language assistant to the learner, in the language in which the learner will be comfortable. This article talks about the learning process that is undertaken by immigrants who are new to Chinese and English language. This process is spoken about as the learning process of immigrants is different than that of the students who are born and bought up in China itself. (Brodie 2014). Gao and Shum states that it is very important for the learner to be comfortable in the learning environment so that they can grasp the things that are being taught to them. Bilingual language assistants help the students to be comfortable in the environment as they will be interacting with someone who shares the same cultural background. The language assistant will be aware of the knowledge that the student already holds and hence, it will be easy for the trainer to help the student to gain more knowledge. The learning process can only be completed when the learner has the confident in them to learn new things and this can be achieved with the help of trainer who shares the same background as that of the learner. This article talks about the learning process in corporate environment. Different people may work in a different style and this can be best understood by their respective manager. This article clearly states that giving work to an employee is one of the best ways by which th eir learning curve can be enhanced. Teaching and learning article states about learning at a further stage in life. This article will talk about learning in an organizational environment. There are different types of organization so that the research of this article was taken in 12 different types of organization so that the researcher can understand the expectations of the learners and also the learning process in different organizations. In this research, work is considered as a learning process wherein the learners can learn only when they are given the responsibility to undertake more work. The learning environment is very different in each organization and hence, one cannot judge the persons knowledge based on designations that they hold. (Najeeb 2013). According to Helsper and Eynon (2009), technology can never replace a teacher. Recently many schools have introduced a lot of technologies to improve the learning experience that students are having. These technologies will not be able to teach the students in the absence of technology. In the absence of teacher, technology will not be able to achieve the goal of teaching the learners but thats not the case with teacher; in the absence of technology, the teacher can continue with the teaching process. Internet doesnt mean studying only because there are plenty of other things which can be done while an individual is on the internet. Many people just browse to understand a product and browsing doesnt mean studying. Similarly, there are people who use internet for the purpose of accumulating knowledge and this is irrespective of knowledge, experience and age that one holds. This article proves more about learning from technological point of view. It states that anyone can learn with th e help of technology but it doesnt mean that anyone who is using technology is learning (McCulloch 2010). Difference between all the three articles All three articles are different than that of each other and hence, the reader cannot expect any connectivity between the articles. Gao and Shum explores the educational environment wherein the students are learners and acquiring education is the learning process. In this environment, the students are willing to learn and the teachers just help the student in getting the resources that they require. Improving working as learning is a well researched work but the professional environment is taken into consideration. Gao and Shum states that the students can be taught with the help of proper learning process but that is not the case with people in the organizational environment. This research states that the people in the professional environment can only be taught when they are assigned work. Apart from that, many professionals may not be willing to work as they may be happy with what their current position (Oblinger 2005). Digital natives: where is the evidence? just considers the learning environment. It also states about the perception that each one holds with regards to usage of technology. This article clearly states that technology can never be used to replace teachers. Technology can only be used for the purpose of bridging the gap between the teacher and the student. Paradigm positions Shum and Gao (2010) states a lot about the bilingual assistants in school. They believe that hiring bilingual assistants in Hong Kong schools is one of the best things that schools can do to help the non-chinese learners. There are plenty of advantages associated with hiring Bilingual assistants. This article also states that the bilingual assistants should belong to the minority background so that they can connect with the other minority students in the group. These minority students are very reserved and hence, they take their time in opening up with the trainers. If the trainers and the learners are from the same community then the trainers can be rest assured that the learners will express their problem and this will help them to learn more and in the right direction. This article also states about the lack of availability of bilingual assistants from the minority group. Due to this reason, all the schools arent able to hire bilingual assistants to help the learners (Burge 2000). Improving working as learning (2008) states about the ways by which the work environment can be improved by way of enhancing the learning opportunities. This article should have spoken if working is a way by which people in the organization learn but this article is based on the assumption that people learn when they are given more responsibility to handle. Plenty of ways have been introduced in the article so that the people in the organization can learn and grow. It also states that the responsibilities of the managers in the organization should be increased. Increasing the managers responsibilities would mean that the manager will pass on more work to his team members and hence, more and more employees in the organization get a chance to learn the things that are being undertaken in the organization. This article also states that the work productivity environment and the learning environment in the organization are different than that of each other. It is the responsibility of the management to identify the employees who needs to learn and then accordingly, the employees will have to be placed in the learning environment. (Anderson 2000). Helsper and Eynon (2009) states that technology is not really helping to improve the learning process because technology is increasing the gap between the teacher and student relationship. Technology should be used to bridge the gap between the teacher and student rather than that of the student trying to replace a teacher with the help of technology. Technology can be used to fix the gap rather than trying to replace the teacher. Many theories may state that the teachers can be replaced with the technology but thats not true because there are very less people who learn while they are surfing on the internet. One paradigm position It is highly recommended for the organizations to plan the learning process in advance. The management always needs to remember that all the employees in the organization may not be willing to learn. It is the responsibility of the management to understand the employees who are willing learn so that they can be appointed for the training program. If random employees are chosen for the training program then it will be a loss to the organization. On the job training is one of the ways by which the employees can be motivated to take up more responsibility. It is always better to train the employees before they are given the responsibility. If the organization thinks that the employees will handle the responsibility once they are given then they are wrong. Apart from that, in organization as well as in colleges and schools, technology should be used appropriately. In schools, technology cannot replace a teacher and at the same time, technology cannot replace a manager in office. Teachers will put in efforts to go out of the way and teach the weak student. Similarly, manager will also have better understanding of the process due to their hands-on experience. References Gao, F, 2010, Investigating the role of bilingual teaching assistants in Hong Kong: an exploratory study, Educational research, Vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 445-456 Teaching and Learning, 2008, Improving working as learning, no. 55 Anderson, L, 2000, Integratinglearnerand learningconcerns: prospective elementary science teachers paths and progress, Teaching and Teacher education, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 547-574 Burge, E, 2000, Synthesis:Learnersand LearningAre the Issues, New directions for Adult and continuing education, no. 88, pp. 89-95 Oblinger, D, 2005, Learners,Learning Technology, Educase Review, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 66 McCulloch, G, 2010, Learnersand Learningin the History of Education, Access: Critical Perspectives on communication, cultural and policy studies, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 49-59 Najeeb, S, 2013, LearnerAutonomy in LanguageLearning, Procedia Social and behavioral sciences, vol. 70, pp. 1238-1242 Brodie, K, 2014, Learningaboutlearnererrors in professionallearningcommunities, Educational studies in Mathematics, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 221-239 Helpser, E, 2009, Digital natives: where is the evidence?, British educational research journal, pp. 37-41

Villanova Supplement Essay - Important Tips for Writing Excellent Essays

Villanova Supplement Essay - Important Tips for Writing Excellent EssaysYou can find Villanova Supplement Essay samples that may help you compose the essay effectively. These sample essays have proven to be very effective at preparing students for the real thing. They have helped students write better essays that are well-researched and more comprehensive than the average essay.The Villanova Supplement Essay requires the writer to use his or her own writing style and values, but still remains true to the basic expectations. All the examples in the supplements are written in a third person limited.Since they all follow the same literary standards, the essays will be in line with each other, creating a well-rounded text. For students who are aiming for an English degree or master's degree, this type of essay will be beneficial because it provides lots of information that can be used to establish the level of knowledge of the student.The first set of Villanova Supplement Essay samples i s what is called the Law of averages. The essay will be divided into sections that will focus on themes relating to the essay topic.These topics cover topics such as practicalities of the work, legal background, and societal implications. These supplements are divided into topics that cover how certain elements are done, how such elements are done and why, how they are collected and what are the objectives of collecting them, as well as the basics of collecting data. This sets the tone for the content of the essay.The second set of Villanova Supplement Essay samples is titled Law of averages (II). The supplement is divided into two parts that are often combined in order to help students compose a complete essay. The first part of the essay will be composed of a problem statement, and the second part is a conclusion.The first part is a supplement that covers issues such as society, education, environment, health, and societal aspects. The second part is a supplement that provides mor e information on the initial part. This combination can help make the essay more concise and flow better than individual parts would do.These two supplements are useful in establishing the information that is required in the essay. For students who are aiming for an English degree or master's degree, these supplements are useful because they provide lots of information that can be used to establish the level of knowledge of the student. All the examples in the supplements are written in a third person limited.

Stereotyping in the Film the Birdcage (1996) free essay sample

With the exception of academics and serious students in film or cultural studies, most movie-goers regard the viewing of films (with the exception – sometimes – of documentaries) as simply an entertainment activity when, very often, central to the experience is the swallowing of messages that the creators of the film wish to advance. Since films are often very expensive to produce, the films that find financial backing must also meet with the approval of a society’s elite, moneyed class. It is most often the case, then, that subtle messages and affirmations about the political, social and personal norms the dominant class wishes to endorse and inculcate are embedded in films that reach a wide segment of the population. Richard Dyer, Professor of Film Studies at Kings College London, in his essay Stereotyping (1), argues that one of the most common methods by which the dominant economic class attempts to reinforce the worldview it wishes to have embraced by the people, is the employment of stereotypes, which are often one-dimensional, static characterizations of people in various social roles or members of classes of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotyping in the Film the Birdcage (1996) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These stereotypes range from the flattering depiction of Hero or Faithful Servant, for example, to the cartoonish, demonic or depraved portraits of a â€Å"typical† member of a group of people whose behavior or values the dominant class finds antithetical to their interests. Dyer argues that learning to recognize the use of stereotypes in films is provides some self-defense against being oblivious to the attempt to influence one’s thinking and opinions. One such group which has long been the target of such propaganda via stereotyping in films is the homosexual community. It was with the rise of capitalism that homosexuality began to be seen as leading to lifestyles that were not conducive to the provision of good, stable, obedient workers. One of the most influential frameworks for analysis of human relations and the evolution of social norms and political structures from the late 19th century through the present has been Marxist analysis, based on the works of Karl Marx (1818-1883). Dyer employs Marxist analysis, with a nod to sociological terminology (role, individual, type, member) to illustrate that stereotyping in film can occur through the use of iconography â€Å"Iconography is a kind of short-hand—it places a character quickly and economically. P. 32), structurally (â€Å"†¦. by the function of the character in the film’s structure {whether these be static structures, such as the way the film’s world is shown to be organized, materially and ideologically, or dynamic ones, such as plot. P. 33}, and through typing – the opposite of individuation of characters, instead ascribing of attributes to a person based on the idea they are a certain â€Å"type,† and we can understand all we need to know about them by being familiar with that type. While we, generally, think of stereotyping in a negative light, one consideration clearly of great importance to Dyer is the idea that some aspect of typing –insofar as the typing reflects the positive attributes of gay people – should not be discarded entirely, since the recognition for the audience, of some level of commonality in the experience of being gay will serve to illuminate for viewers the struggles faced and the oppression experienced, hopefully leading to more support in the larger society for improved status and equal civil rights for gay people. In analyzing the use of stereotypes in The Birdcage (Mike Nichols, 1996), I will argue that, while the use of stereotypes by the filmmakers was clearly done with the intention of exposing the stupidity of so many of society’s prejudices, the film does not entirely succeed in leaving the audience with anything close to real motivation for re-thinking approval for the established social idea that gays are somehow â€Å"other† and, at best, sympathetic clowns. The audience simply gets its laughs and goes home. A remake of the French film La Cage aux Folles (Jean Poiret and Francis Veber, 1978), Birdcage is set in drag club called The Birdcage in South Beach, Florida. We learn very early in the movie that Armand Goldman, played by Robin Williams, owns the club and his partner, Albert, played by Nathan Lane, appears regularly as Starina, the shows star drag queen. The plot of the movie develops when Armand’s son Val becomes engaged to Barbara Keeley, the daughter of the hypocritical, ultraconservative Republican Ohio Senator Kevin Keeley, who is seeking re-election as the co-founder of the Coalition for Moral Order. In light of the engagement, the young couple decides that it is finally time for the two families to meet. However, Val requests that Armand and Albert must conceal their homosexuality for this meeting. Stereotyping is not just employed in presenting the characters in Birdcage; the sets also are highly stereotyped and function almost as additional characters. The film open s with the camera panning around from the outside the club, and the viewer gets a quick look at the outside environment. They see bright lights in the night, palm trees, and pedestrians milling about the streets or waiting in line, all in scantily clad outfits and bathing suits. Sequences similar to this occur numerous times throughout the movie when showing the outside environment. Whether they’re at the beach or in the streets, day or night, the surrounding people are dressed in skimpy clothing, small bikinis, or Speedos. This aspect of the environment is emphasized when the senator and his family are stuck in traffic right outside of the club, approximately seventy-five minutes into the film. While all the cars are stuck in traffic, people are chaotically climbing in and out of open-roofed cars or roller-skating by. Women and men in skimpy and brightly colored bikinis, thongs, and Speedos continuously pass the senator’s idled car while the family stares, aghast, and Mrs. Keely states, â€Å"This is less like Palm Beach than I imagined. † Despite the fact that no indication is given that there is any special occasion being celebrated in South Beach, the carnival-like atmosphere and setting depicts the gay generated environment in a one-dimensional, stereotyped manner. While the sexual orientations of the pedestrians is not defined, these sequences are stereotypical cues that the sultry, brightly colored, free-wheeling Florida locale surrounding the drag club, an environment where all the citizens present themselves flamboyantly and provocatively through their dress is to be seen as the typical environment for such a club, a â€Å"gay paradise. † The home of Armand and Albert, located above The Birdcage, is abundantly decorated with stereotypically gay ornamentation. Every available surface is purposefully adorned with lit candles, decadent glass sculptures, flouncy lamps, poufed pillows and homoerotic artwork. The walls are either bright yellow or covered in obnoxious, loud, jungle-themed wallpaper. The significance of the iconographically gay character of the setting is emphasized when Val makes clear that the decor poses as big a pitfall for the senator’s visit, as does the presence of drag queen, Albert. Approximately thirty-six minutes into the film, Val insists that they redecorate prior to the Keeley’s arrival. Armand does not understand what is wrong with the decor, and Val points out to a nude sculpture of Neptune, a portrait of a man in drag without his wig, numerous primitive sculptures depicting exaggerated male erections. At first, an offended Armand replies â€Å"But this is art! † and casually turns the erect sculptures around to face the wall, but eventually, out of love for his son, he gives in and clears his home of the many â€Å"gay signaling† items he possesses, completely redesigning it into a setting similar to a Catholic monastery (Armand is Jewish. ). The most ridiculously, screamingly stereotyped character in Birdcage of Armand’s spouse, the drag queen star, Albert. It is no accident that the character, Albert, is the embodiment, not only of the drag queen type, but also of the worst stereotyped version of a woman: shrill, melodramatic, self-absorbed, vain, overly emotional, and prone to hysterics, suspicion and jealousy. The viewer is introduced to him five minutes into the film while he is in a fit of hysterics. Albert, suddenly devastated by the recognition that he is no longer young and beautiful, and convinced Armand is losing interest in him, is extremely upset and refuses to prepare for his nightly stage performance. The audience immediately sees that Albert is overreacting by the melodramatic way he behaves in this scene. As Armand attempts to enter the dressing room, Albert, who was previously hiding under some sheets, wailing and lamenting his sorrows to the couple’s housekeeper Agador, squeals and barricades the door because he doesn’t want Armand to see him in his â€Å"hideous, hideous, fat and hideous† state. Even in the chaos of Armand trying to break into the room, Albert’s shrieks are completely audible over the ruckus. Once Armand enters the room, Albert begins to make melodramatic claim after melodramatic claim: â€Å"I’m in such pain! It’ll never pass! I hate my life. † â€Å"Never mind about me feelings. † â€Å"Don’t use that tone to me†¦that sarcastic, contemptuous tone that means you know everything because you are a man, and I know nothing because I was a woman†, â€Å"I was adorable once, young and full of hope and now look at me! I’m this short, fat, insecure middle-aged little thing! † Such behavior and sentiments are typically attributed to the stereotypical, emotionally unstable and utterly dependent woman, Albert’s character embodies the classically drawn stereotype of a melodramatic, overly emotional, ridiculous gay man who might as well be considered a woman. While Albert’s raging hysterics, melodramatic behavior and â€Å"prissiness† was on full display in this particular scene, his diva-like self-absorption and hysterical reactions are carried throughout the entire film, with the exceptional surprise when he rises to the occasion and â€Å"saves the day,† later in the film Fifty minutes into the film, in an attempt to win the favor of Barbara’s parents, Armand tries to teach Albert how to portray himself as a straight man. This attempt, however, is completely unsuccessful. No matter how hard he tries, Albert cannot walk without swishing his hips while holding out the palms of his hands, his posture is too upright, and the register of his voice is too high. The fact that Albert is incapable of pretending not to be a flamboyant, over-the-top, and extremely feminine person tells the viewer that his â€Å"gay-ness† is what completely defines his entire personality and every aspect of his behavior, and further sets the stereotype in stone. Structurally, the characterization of the relationship between Armand and Albert is reduced by its definition as reflecting a cartoonish parody of the stereotypical traditionally defined roles played by â€Å"husband and wife. † While it is clear that the Albert has a more feminine personality than Armand, the film also depicts Albert as the â€Å"mother† and caretaker of the household. For example, twenty minutes into the film, Armand is silently reading the newspaper and drinking coffee in the kitchen, Albert is feverishly folding the laundry, babbling about matters such as how ratty Val’s shirt is and how he got a pork roast for dinner instead of fillet minion. This scene and many others show how this movie depicts the roles of a gay relationship as being identical to the stereotypical gender roles of a heterosexual couple. There is no question that the creators of this film intentionally employed thoroughly stereotyped characters. There is little to no individual character development whatsoever. However, since these stereotypes are so over-the-top and blatant, there must have been a conscious effort on the part of the filmmakers to feed into such stereotypes. This film is merely a lighthearted nod towards the ridiculous stereotypes that much of society today believes to be completely realistic depictions of homosexuals. Therefore, such obvious stereotyping does not outweigh the comedy or the quality of the film, but rather define it.

World War I and The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

World War I and The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk After a nearly a year of turmoil in Russia, the Bolsheviks ascended to power in November 1917 after the October Revolution (Russia still used the Julian calendar). As ending Russias involvement in World War I was a key tenet of the Bolshevik platform, new leader Vladimir Lenin immediately called for a three-month armistice. Though initially wary of dealing with the revolutionaries, the Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) finally agreed to a ceasefire in early December and made plans to meet with Lenins representatives later in the month. Initial Talks Joined by representatives from the Ottoman Empire, the Germans and Austrians arrived at Brest-Litovsk (present-day Brest, Belarus) and opened talks on December 22. Though the German delegation was led by Foreign Secretary Richard von KÃ ¼hlmann, it fell upon General Max Hoffmann- who was Chief of Staff of the German armies on the Eastern Front- to serve as their chief negotiator. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was represented by Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin, while the Ottomans were overseen by Talat Pasha. The Bolshevik delegation was headed by Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs Leon Trotsky who was aided by Adolph Joffre. Initial Proposals Though in a weak position, the Bolsheviks stated that they desired peace without annexations or indemnities, meaning an end to the fighting without loss of land or reparations. This was rebuffed by the Germans whose troops occupied large swaths of Russian territory. In offering their proposal, the Germans demanded independence for Poland and Lithuania. As the Bolsheviks were unwilling to cede territory, the talks stalled. Believing that the Germans were eager to conclude a peace treaty to free troops for use on the Western Front before the Americans could arrive in large numbers, Trotsky dragged his feet, believing that moderate peace could be achieved. He also hoped that the Bolshevik revolution would spread to Germany negating the need to conclude a treaty. Trotskys delaying tactics only worked to anger the Germans and Austrians. Unwilling to sign harsh peace terms and not believing that he could delay further, he withdrew the Bolshevik delegation from the talks on February 10, 1918, declaring a unilateral end to hostilities. The German Response Reacting to Trotskys breaking off of the talks, the Germans and Austrians notified the Bolsheviks that they would resume hostilities after February 17 if the situation was not resolved. These threats were ignored by Lenins government. On February 18, German, Austrian, Ottoman, and Bulgarian troops began advancing and met little organized resistance. That evening, the Bolshevik government decided to accept the German terms. Contacting the Germans, they received no response for three days. During that time, troops from the Central Powers occupied the Baltic nations, Belarus, and most of Ukraine (Map). Responding on February 21, the Germans introduced harsher terms which briefly made Lenin debate continuing the fight. Recognizing that further resistance would be futile and with the German fleet moving towards Petrograd, the Bolsheviks voted to accept the terms two days later. Re-opening talks, the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3. It was ratified twelve days later. Though Lenins government had achieved its goal of exiting the conflict, it was forced to do so in brutally humiliating fashion and at great cost. Terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk By the terms of the treaty, Russia ceded more than 290,000 square miles of land and around a quarter of its population. In addition, the lost territory contained approximately a quarter of the nations industry and 90 percent of its coal mines. This territory effectively contained the countries of Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Belarus from which the Germans intended to form client states under the rule of various aristocrats. Also, all Turkish lands lost in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 were to be returned to the Ottoman Empire. Long-Term Effects of the Treaty The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk only remained in effect until that November. Though Germany had made massive territorial gains, it took a large amount of manpower to maintain the occupation. This detracted from the number of men available for duty on the Western Front. On November 5, Germany renounced the treaty due to a constant stream of revolutionary propaganda emanating from Russia. With the German acceptance of the armistice on November 11, the Bolsheviks quickly annulled the treaty. Though the independence of Poland and Finland was largely accepted, they remained angered by the loss of the Baltic states. While the fate of territory such as Poland was addressed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, other lands such as Ukraine and Belarus fell under Bolshevik control during the Russian Civil War. Over the next twenty years, the Soviet Union worked to regain the land lost by the treaty. This saw them fight Finland in the Winter War as well as conclude the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. By this agreement, they annexed the Baltic states and claimed the eastern part of Poland following the German invasion at the start of World War II. Selected Sources Avalon Project: Treaty of Brest-LitovskGuide to Russia: Treaty of Brest-LitovskFirst World War: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk